托福作文开头怎么写?在学习完整的开头段公式之前,有必要给各位考生介绍一个概念,即“转述题目”。一篇作文的开头,即使不追求精彩,至少也需要做到中规中矩。考生至少要介绍话题和自己的观点。而介绍话题却不能照抄原题,所以“转述题目”是我们必备的技能。
在介绍开头段的基本写作公式之前,我们先介绍写作中需要掌握的两个基本写作技能,以便考生能够更好地掌握开头段的写作方式。
1)转述题目
转述题目,就是根据对题目的理解用自己的话重新表达出题目topic。类似于我们常说的同义替换。下面给考生介绍四种转述的方法。
同义词替换
第一种方法:同义词替换,即根据题目中的关键词,找到其同义词、近义词,在不改变原意的情况下进行替换表达。
例题:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Most business people are motivated by the desire for money.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
这道题所涉及的主体对象是business people,它也可用同义词替换,如business persons/businessmen/merchants/traders/sellers等。
主要动作是be motivated by,其同义词可替换成encouraged/inspired/stimulated/spurred等。
而这里的desire也可有替换词,如appetency/appetite/craving/longing/thirst/yearning等。
因此,通过换同义词,该题转述后的题目可改写为:Most business people(businessmen/merchants/traders/sellers)are motivated(encouraged/inspired/stimulated/spurred)by the desire(appetency/appetite/craving/longing/thirst/yearning)for money.
那么也请同学们思考下,本题topic中most、money还可以用哪些词替换?
变换关键词位置
第二种方法:找到题目中的关键词,在不改变原意的情况下,将关键词位置进行变换。可能会涉及主动、被动的变换。
例题:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Most business people are motivated by the desire for money.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
上面这道题,题目中使用的是被动语态,转述题目时可以改为主动语态:The desire(appetency/appetite/craving/longing/thirst/yearning)for money motivates(encourages/inspires/stimulates/spurs)most business people.
词性变换
第三种方法:找到题目中的关键词,根据其词根,利用其同源词,在不改变原意的情况下进行替换。可能会涉及句式变换。
还是上面的例题,该题目中,motivated的同源词包括动词motivate、名词motivation等;desire自身具有名词及动词词性。稍微将business做些修改,比如改为do business/run business/merchandise/trade,则该题目可以转述为:The motivation for most people to do business is desire for money.
再根据上述总结的同义词进行同义词替换或词性转换,则可得:The motivation(encouragement/inspiration/stimulation/spur)foor money.
句式变换
第四种方法:变换句式,即运用多种句式结构表达与题目相近的意思。通常可考虑把简单句变为复杂句、普通句变为强调句、普通句变为it做形式主语等。
同样以上述题目为例,可改为:
It is the desire(appetency/appetite/craving/longing/thirst/yearning)for money that motivates(encourages/inspires/stimulates/spurs)most business people.
It is said/reported that most business people(business persons/businessmen/merchants/traders/sellers)are motivated(encouraged/inspired/stimulated/spurred)by the desire(appetency/appetite/craving/longing/thirst/yearning)for money.
2)主题句
了解了转述题目的各种方法,接下来我们需要面临第二个问题,如何给出个人观点呢?说到这必须介绍第二个概念——主题句。一些同学只会表达I think…,I agree with this opinion.或者I disagree with this view.这三句不是不对,而如果只会这几句显然无法博得考官的青睐,分数低也是意料之中的事。笔
者在教学过程中经常碰到不知“何为主题句”或常犯主题句写作大忌的考生,白白丢了分数却不自知。
主题句,即作者自己明确的观点,在全文中起提纲挈领的作用。
主题句的“禁忌”:
句子残缺。
疑问句。
太宽泛或太具体。
列举事实或分论点。
主题不明。
请看下面触犯主题句“禁忌”的例子:
·First, about education.这句是不是完整的句子?没有主语、谓语,显然不完整。
·Why are broad horizons important?这句是疑问句。
·For children growing up in metropolises, chances are good that they will have a promising future.美好未来是指哪方面?讨论的范围太过宽泛。
·Youngsters in big cities are indirectly in possession of various educational resources.本句可作为分论点论述过程中的论据,而不是主题句。
·A myriad of people have become well-educated; and an increasing number of people choose to raise their children downtown.这句有多个主题,陈述现象而非给出个人观点。